Leukocytes, urates and citrates

Leukocyte (white blood cells) counts and common inflammatory markers have little or no correlation with CP/CPPS. Whether this be in urine (VB3), semen and or prostatic secretions. Cytokines show better correlation. See further discussion below in the sections on micro-organisms and inflammation.

Urates and other compounds typical for urine have been found in the prostate and prostatic calculi indicating reflux.

Added 2009-04-26
Various small studies have found a correlation between expressed prostatic secretion and semen contents of uric acid (urates) and CPPS symptoms. The assumption is that uric acid (urates) cause an inflammatory reaction and that the presence of uric acid is caused by reflux. (1-3)

Reflux, or retrograde flow, is the "backflow" of urine towards the prostate or kidney instead of out of the body. Causes of reflux are either "uncoordinated muscules" (dyssynergia) or physical abnormalities or urinary tract infections.

Citrate levels may be decreased in CPPS sufferers. (4)

Andra bloggar om CPPS, kroniskt bäckenbottensmärtsyndrom, kronisk abakteriell prostatit, NIHIIIb, urater, urinreflux
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(1) Persson BE, Ronquist G. Evidence for a mechanistic association between nonbacterial prostatitis and levels of urate and creatinine in expressed prostatic secretion. J Urol. 155(3):958-60, 1996.
(2) Hou BS, Xia XY, Pan LJ, Yang B, Shao Y, Shang XJ, Yao B, Cui YX, Huang YF. [Determination of uric acid in the expressed prostatic secretion of chronic prostatitis patients and its clinical significance]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 14(3):245-7, 2008. Summary only, article in Chinese.
(3) Motrich RD, Olmedo JJ, Molina R, Tissera A, Minuzzi G, Rivero VE. Uric acid crystals in the semen of a patient with symptoms of chronic prostatitis. Fertil Steril. 85(3):751.e1-751.e4. 2006.
(4) Chen J, Xu Z, Zhao H, Jiang X. Citrate in expressed prostatic secretions has the feasibility to be used as a useful indicator for the diagnosis of category IIIB prostatitis. Urol Int. 78(3):230-4, 2007.
and
Chen J, Zhao HF, Xu ZS. The prostate has secretory dysfunction for category IIIA and IIIB prostatitis. J Urol. 177(6):2166-9, 2007.